History: Primary Sources: Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary sources are firsthand accounts or records of events in history. These sources reflect the point of view of a participant or observer at a particular point of time. There are a wide range of primary source materials available for historical research. For example:

• Magazines, newspapers, books, and pamphlets written and published during a particular time period
• Diaries, letters, or papers usually written for personal reasons. Some of these may have been published later, usually after the writer’s death.
• Reports and records such as census data or minutes of an organization
• Autobiographies and memoirs often written long after the events took place and therefore, may be somewhat less reliable.
• Photos, audio recordings, movies, buildings, and other physical objects may also reveal information about the time period and popular culture

Compilations of primary sources such as a book containing many short excerpts from primary sources are not as useful as the original sources themselves.

Source materials may have a bias or purpose which you should be aware of. For example, an article from a northern paper during the civil war will read much differently than an article from a southern paper. When reading primary sources, think about why the piece was written, when it was written, and what it tells us about the writer and the time period.

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